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Stephen Switzer (1682–1745) was a garden designer and writer on garden subjects, an early exponent of the English landscape garden who admired and emulated the formal grandeur of French broad prospects and woodland avenues, finding in the state of horticulture an index of cultural health, in Augustan Rome as in contemporary Britain, where "August Designs (example is Blenheim Palace ) denote that Greatness of Mind that reigns in the English ''Nobility'' and ''Gentry''".〔Switzer, ''The Nobleman, Gentleman, and Gardener's Recreation'' 1715:63, quoted by James Turner, "Stephen Switzer and the Political Fallacy in Landscape Gardening History", ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 11.4 (Summer 1978:489-496) p. 490. 〕 His landscape design principles parallel those expressed in Alexander Pope's ''Epistle to Lord Burlington'' and the views on "natural" gardening expressed in essays by Joseph Addison. Switzer received sufficient early training in Hampshire to be taken on as a garden boy working for George London and Henry Wise in their Brompton nursery, in Kensington, now part of London. Switzer helped execute London's designs at Castle Howard, Yorkshire (from 1706), notably the "wilderness", at Cirencester Park, Gloucestershire (from about 1713), and at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire.〔Today's Blenheim landscape is largely the product of Lancelot "Capability" Brown, who remade the earlier landscape features.〕 Switzer also designed the garden at Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire (about 1716). In 1715 Stephen Switzer published a work on "Forest, or Rural Gardening", ''The Nobleman, Gentleman, and Gardener's Recreation'',〔Its full title is ''The Nobleman, Gentleman, and Gardener's Recreation, or, an Introduction to Gardening, Planting, Agriculture, and the other Business and Pleasure of a Country life''〕 which he expanded to form his ''Ichnographia'' (1718; lightly revised and enlarged with two further essays〔One, ''A further Account of Rural or Extensive Gardening'', appears from its text to have been written about 1730, according to David Jacques, "The Art and Sense of the Scribblerus Club in England, 1715-35", ''Garden History'' 4.1 (Spring 1976:30-53) p. p. 52 note 7. 〕 as ''Ichnographia Rustica'' 1741-42). He also published ''The Practical Husbandman and Planter'' (1733) and ''An Introduction to a General System of Hydrostaticks and Hydraulicks'' (1729). Stephen Switzer included the first lengthy historical sketch of the progress of gardening in England in ''The Nobleman, Gentleman, and Gardener's Recreation''〔"His lengthy 'History of Gardening' in his ''Nobleman, Gentleman, and Gardener's Recreation'' (1715) was the first attempt at a comprehensive history of English garden-writing and -making", observed Jacques 1976:119.〕 was vocal in the criticism of topiary and the formality of the "Dutch Garden"〔David Jacques, "Who Knows What a Dutch Garden Is?", ''Garden History'' 30.2, Dutch Influences (Winter 2002:114-130).〕 and introduced the term ''ferme ornée'', the "ornamental farm" integrating the ‘useful’ and ‘profitable’ aspects of kitchen gardening and animal husbandry with apparently artless beautiful and charming views and details. His main rival in the practical, though not the literary, aspects of early tentative exercises in "naturalistic" planting schemes was Charles Bridgeman. ==Notes== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stephen Switzer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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